Class 12 Business Studies

Secondary Education Curriculum
2076
Business Studies II

Working hrs: 120

1. Introduction

Business Studies is a broad subject in the social sciences, allowing the in-depth study of a range of specialties such as accountancy, finance, organisation, human resource management and marketing. To serve the same, the curriculum of this subject for Grades 11 and 12 has been prepared in line with the National Curriculum Framework-2076 to prepare the students for job market and for higher studies.

The main thrust of the course is to provide knowledge and skills to the students about management and its functions related to business. Establishing a proper linkage with the fundamental orientation of the attributes of Business Studies, this course also aims to impart in-depth knowledge so as to equip the students with workable tools and techniques of the management that ensures growth, success and sustainability of the business. Besides, the course aims to impart adequate knowledge and skills in drafting business letters. The curriculum also addresses some emerging issues of management. The value addition of this course is to prepare and enable the students in formulating business plans. The content of the business studies of Grade 11 and 12, thus, is a blend of theory and practice of different aspects of business management.

The curriculum includes the level-wise competencies, grade-wise learning outcomes, scope and sequence of contents along with the working hours, learning facilitation process, some suggested project activities and student assessment process.

2. Level-wise competencies

By the end of the grade 12, the students will have the following competencies.

1. Explain the foundational knowledge of business, including principles and practices of business management.
2. Identify the ground realities on the operational aspects of business.
3. Describe key functional areas of business management.
4. Identify key management fuunctions of a bussiness organisation.
5. Demonstrate necessary skills to carry out business and office operations independently.
6. Develop creative behavior to implement noble ideas on bussiness.
7. Draft business letters.
8. Prepare a business plan.

Scope and Sequence of Contents

1. Nature of Management (12hrs)

1.1 Management: meaning and essentials
1.2 Management as science, art and profession
1.3 Key management functions: planning, organizing, leading and controlling
1.4 Levels of management

2. Classical Management Perspective (8hrs)

2.1 Scientific management: principles and limitations
2.2 Administrative management principles and limitations

3. Planning and Decision Making (15hrs)

3.1 Planning: Concept and rationale
3.2 Process of planning
3.4 Types of plans
3.3 Benefits and pitfalls of planning
3.5 Decision making: meaning and importance
3.6 Types of managerial decisions
3.7 Decision making conditions: certainty, risk and uncertainty
3.8 Decision making process

4. Organizing (25hrs)

4.1 Organizing: concept and principles
4.2 Organizing process
4.3 Departmentalization: meanings and bases
4.4 Types of organizational structure: simple, functional, divisional, matrix and committee
4.5 Drivers of organizing: authority, responsibility and accountability
4.6 Centralization and decentralization
4.7 Arguments for and against centralization and Decentralization
4.8 Guidelines for effective delegation of authority
4.9 Challenges for effective delegation of authority
4.10 Differences between delegation and decentralization of authority

5. Leading (8hrs)

5.1 Leading: meaning and importance
5.2 Role of manager as a leader
5.3 Leadership qualities
5.4 Leadership styles: autocratic, democratic and laisses faire

6. Controlling (6hrs)

6.1 Controlling: meaning and importance
6.2 Process of control: Pre-control, concurrent control and post-control
6.3 Essentials of effective control

7. Other Management Functions (22hrs)

7.1 Motivation: meaning and importance
7.2 Techniques of motivation
7.3 Theories of motivation:
– Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs
– Herzberg’s Dual Factors Theory
7.4 Supervision: meaning and role
7.5 Factors influencing supervision
7.6 Communication: meaning and importance
7.7 Essentials of effective communication
7.8 Types of communication: horizontal, vertical and diagonal
7.9 Barriers to effective communication

8. Contemporary Issues on Management (16hrs)

8.1 Conflict management meaning, sources and level
8.2 Talent management: meaning and importance
8.3 Quality management: meaning and components
8.4 Supply chain management: meaning and importance
8.5 Family business management: nature, roles

9. Business Letter Writing (15hrs)

9.1 Business letter: meaning and uses
9.2 Structure of business letters
9.3 Qualities of business letters
9.4 Drafting of business letters: enquiry, order, confirmation, complaint and job application letter

10. Business Plan (8hrs)

10.1 Introduction to business plan
10.2 Significance of business plan
10.3 Contents of business plan
10.4 Formulation of business plan