Class 12 Physics

Secondary Education Curriculum
2078
Physics

Working hrs: 160

1. Introduction

This curriculum presumes that the students joining grade 11 and 12 science stream come with diverse aspirations, some may continue to higher level studies in specific areas of science, others may join technical and vocational areas or even other streams. The curriculum is designed to provide students with general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that govern the scientific phenomena in the world. It focuses to develop scientific knowledge, skill competences and attitudes required at secondary level (grade 11-12) irrespective of what they do beyond this level, as envisioned by national goals. Understanding of scientific concepts and their application, in day to day context as well as the process of obtaining new knowledge through holistic approach of learning in the spirit of national qualification framework is emphasized in the curriculum.

In particular, this curriculum aims to provide sufficient knowledge and understanding of science for all learners to become confident citizens in the technological world. It helps the students to recognize the usefulness and limitations of laws and principles of physics and use them in solving problems encountered in their daily lives along a sound foundation for students who wish to study physics or related professional or vocational courses in higher education. It also helps to develop science related attitudes such as a concern for safety and efficiency, concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, a spirit of enquiry, inventiveness, appreciation of ethno-science, and willingness to use technology for effective communication. It also promotes awareness of the principles and laws of science that are often the result of cumulative efforts and their studies and applications are subject to economic and technological limitations and social, cultural and ethical perceptions/acceptance.

The curriculum prepared in accordance with National Curriculum Framework is structured for two academic years in such a way that it incorporates the level-wise competencies, grade-wise leaning outcomes, scope and sequence of contents, suggested practical/project activities, learning facilitation process and assessment strategies so as to enhance the learning on the subject systematically.

2. Level-wise competencies

In completion of this course, students are expected to demonstrate the following competencies:

1. relate the phenomena and processes of the world around them to the knowledge and understanding of physical laws, principles and theories and describe them using appropriate scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions
2. use scientific instruments, apparatus and methods to collect, evaluate and communicate information accurately and precisely
3. design simple experiment to develop relations among physical quantities,
4. carryout simple scientific research on issues related to physics and
5. construct simple models to illustrate physical concepts
6. use the knowledge of physics to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, social values and ethics

Mechanics

1. Rotational dynamics (7hrs)

1.1 Equation of angular motion, Relation between linear and angular kinematics
1.2 Kinetic energy of rotation of rigid body
1.3 Moment of inertia; Radius of gyration
1.4 Moment of inertia of a uniform rod
1.5 Torque and angular acceleration for a rigid body
1.6 Work and power in rotational motion
1.7 Angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum.

2. Periodic motion (6hrs)

2.1 Equation of simple harmonic motion (SHM)
2.2 Energy in SHM
2.3 Application of SHM: vertical oscillation of mass suspended from. coiled spring
2.4 Angular SHM, simple pendulum
2.5 Oscillatory motion: Damped oscillation, Forced oscillation and resonance.

3. Fluid statics (9hrs)

3.1 Fluid statics: Pressure in a fluid; Buoyancy
3.2 Surface tension: Theory of surface tension; Surface energy
3.3 Angle of contact, capillarity and its applications
3.4 Fluid Dynamics: Newton’s formula for viscosity in a liquid; Coefficient of viscosity
3.5 Poiseuille’s formula and its application
3.6 Stokes law and its applications
3.7 Equation of continuity and its applications
3.8 Bemoulli’s equation and its applications.

Heat and Thermodynamics

4. First Law of Thermodynamics (6hrs)

4 .1 Thermodynamic systems
4.2 Work done during volume change
4.3 Heat and work; Internal energy and First law of thermodynamics
4.4 Thermodynamic processes: Adiabatic, isochoric, isothermal and isobaric
4.5 Heat capacities of an ideal gas at constant pressure and volume and relation between them
4.6 Isothermal and Adiabatic processes for an ideal gas.

5. Second Law of Thermodynamics (6hrs)

5.1 Thermodynamic systems and direction of thermodynamic processes
5.2 Second law of thermodynamics
5.3 Heat engines
5.4 Internal combustion engines’ Otto cycle, Diesel cycle; Carnot cycle
5.5 Refrigerator
5.6 Entropy and disorder (introduction only)

Waves & Optics

6. Wave motion (2hrs)

6.1 Progressive waves
6.2 Mathematical description of a wave
6.3 Stationary waves

7.Mechanical waves (4hrs)

7.1 speed of wave motion: Velocity of sound in solid and liquid
7.1 velocity of sound in gas
7.3 Laplace’s correction
7.4 Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity on velocity of sound.

8. Wave in pipes and strings (4hrs)

8.1 Stationary waves in closed and open pipes
8.2 Harmonics and overtones in closed and open organ pipes
8.3 End correction in pipes
8.4 Velocity of transverse waves along a stretched string
8.5 Vibration of string and overtones
8.6 Laws of vibration of fixed string.

9. Acoustic phenomena (5hrs)

9.1 Sound waves: Pressure amplitude
9.2 Characteristics of sound: Intensity; loudness, quality and pitch
9.3 Doppler’s effect.

10. Nature and propagation of light (3hrs)

10.1 Huygen’s principle
10.2 Reflection and Refraction according to wave theory

11.Interference (3hrs)

11.1 Phenomenon of Interferences: Coherent sources
11.2 Young’s double slit experiment.

12 Diffraction (3hrs)

12.1 Diffraction from a single slit
12.2 Diffraction pattern of image: Diffraction grating
12.3 Resolving power of optical instruments.

13. Polarization (3hrs)

13.1 Phenomenon of polarization
13.2 Brewster’s law, transverse nature of light
13.3 Polaroid.

Electricity & Magnetism

14. Electrical circuits (6hrs)

14.1 Kirchhoff s law .
14.2 Wheatstone bridge circuit; Meter bridge
14.3 Potentiometer: Comparison of e.m.f., measurement of internal resistances of a cell
14.4 Super conductors: Perfect conductors
14.5 Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter; Ohmmeter
14.6 Joule’s law

15.Thermoelectric effects (3hrs)

151 Seebeck effect; Thermocouples
15.2 Peltier effect: Variation of thermoelectric e.mt with temperature; Thermopile

16.Magnetic field (9hrs)

16.1 Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux; Oersted’s experiment
15.2 Force on moving charge; Force on a conductor
16.3 Force and Torque on rectangular coil, Moving coil galvanometer
16.4 Hall effect
16.5 Magnetic field of a moving charge
16.6 Blot and Savart law and its application to (i) a circular coil (ii) a long straight conductor (iii) a long solenoid
16.7 Ampere’s law and its applications to (i) a long straight conductor (ii) a straight solenoid (ii) a toroidal solenoid
16.8 Force between two parallel conductors carrying current -definition of ampere.

17 Magnetic properties of materials (5hrs)

17.1 Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux
17.2 Flux density in magnetic material, Relative permeability; Susceptibility
17.3 Hysteresis
17.4 Dia,-para- and ferro-magnetic materials.

18. Electromagnetic Induction (6hrs)

18.1 Faraday’s laws, Induced electric fields
18 2 Lenz’s law, Motional electromotive force
18 3 A C. generators; Eddy currents 18.4 Self-inductance and mutual inductance
18.5 Energy stored in an inductor
18.6 Transformer

19. Alternating Currents (6hrs)

19.1 Peak and rms value of AC current and voltage
19.2 AC through a resistor, a capacitor and an inductor
19.3 Phasor diagram
19.4 Series circuits containing combination of resistance, capacitance and inductance
19.5 Series resonance, quality factor 19 6 Power in AC circuits: power factor

Modem Physics

20.Electrons (4hrs)

20 1 Milikan’s oil drop experiment,
20.2 Motion of electron beam in electric and magnetic fields
20.3 Thomson’s experiment to determine specific charge of electrons

21.Photons (3hrs)

21.1 Quantum nature of radiation
21.2 Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Stopping potential
21.3 Measurement of Plank’s constant

22. Semiconductor devices (6hrs)

22.1 P-N Junction
22.2 Semiconductor diode Characteristics in forward and reverse bias
22.3 Full wave rectification
22.4 Logic gates; NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR.

23.Quantization of energy (8hrs)

23.1 Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom
23.2 Spectral series; Excitation and ionization potentials
23 3 Energy level: Emission and absorption spectra
23 4 De Broglie Theory; Duality 23.5 Uncertainly principle
23.6 X-rays. Nature and production; uses
23.7 X-rays diffraction, Bragg’s law.

24. Radioactivity and nuclear reaction (6hrs)

24 1 Alpha-particles, Beta-particles, Gamma rays
24 2 Laws of radioactive disintegration
24.3 Half-life, mean-life and decay constant
24.4 Geiger-Muller Tube
24.5 Carbon dating
24.6 Medical use of nuclear radiation and possible health hazard.

25. Recent trends in physics (6hrs)

Seismology.
25 1 Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love waves
Internal waves: S and P-waves Wave patterns of Gorkha Earthquake 2015
25.2 Gravitational Wave Nanotechnology Higgs llosoit