Class 11 Physics

Secondary Education Curriculum
2078
Physics

Working hrs: 160

1. Introduction

This curriculum presumes that the students joining grade 11 and 12 science stream come with diverse aspirations, some may continue to higher level studies in specific areas of science, others may join technical and vocational areas or even other streams. The curriculum is designed to provide students with general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that govern the scientific phenomena in the world. It focuses to develop scientific knowledge, skill competences and attitudes required at secondary level (grade 11-12) irrespective of what they do beyond this level, as envisioned by national goals. Understanding of scientific concepts and their application, in day to day context as well as the process of obtaining new knowledge through holistic approach of learning in the spirit of national qualification framework is emphasized in the curriculum.

In particular, this curriculum aims to provide sufficient knowledge and understanding of science for all learners to become confident citizens in the technological world. It helps the students to recognize the usefulness and limitations of laws and principles of physics and use them in solving problems encountered in their daily lives along a sound foundation for students who wish to study physics or related professional or vocational courses in higher education. It also helps to develop science related attitudes such as a concern for safety and efficiency, concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, a spirit of enquiry, inventiveness, appreciation of ethno-science, and willingness to use technology for effective communication. It also promotes awareness of the principles and laws of science that are often the result of cumulative efforts and their studies and applications are subject to economic and technological limitations and social, cultural and ethical perceptions/acceptance.

The curriculum prepared in accordance with National Curriculum Framework is structured for two academic years in such a way that it incorporates the level-wise competencies, grade-wise leaning outcomes, scope and sequence of contents, suggested practical/project activities, learning facilitation process and assessment strategies so as to enhance the learning on the subject systematically.

2. Level-wise competencies

In completion of this course, students are expected to demonstrate the following competencies:

1. relate the phenomena and processes of the world around them to the knowledge and understanding of physical laws, principles and theories and describe them using appropriate scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions
2. use scientific instruments, apparatus and methods to collect, evaluate and communicate information accurately and precisely
3. design simple experiment to develop relations among physical quantities,
4. carryout simple scientific research on issues related to physics and
5. construct simple models to illustrate physical concepts
6. use the knowledge of physics to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, social values and ethics

Mechanics

1. Physical Quantities (3hrs)

1.1 Precision and significant figures. Dimensions and uses of dimensional analysis.

2. Vectors (4hrs)

2.1 Triangle, parallelogram and polygon laws of vectors
2.2 Resolution of vectors; Unit vectors
2.3 Scalar and vector products.

3. Kinematics (5hrs)

3.1 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration
3.2 Relative velocity
3.3 Equation of motion (graphical treatment)
3.4 Motion of a freely falling body
3.5 Projectile motion and its applications.

4. Dynamics (6hrs)

4.1 Linear momentum, Impulse
4.2 Conservation of linear momentum
4.3 Application of Newton’s laws
4.4 Moment, torque and equilibrium
4.5 Solid friction: Laws of solid friction and their verifications.

5. Work, Energy and Power (6hrs)

5.1 Work done by a constant force and a variable force
5.2 Power
5.3 Work-energy theorem; Kinetic and potential energy
5.4 Conservation of Energy
5.5 Conservative and non-conservative forces
5.6 Elastic and inelastic collisions.

6. Circular Motion (6hrs)

6.1 Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration
6.2 Relation between angular and linear velocity and acceleration
6.3 Centripetal acceleration
6.4 Centripetal force
6.7 Conical pendulum
6.8 Motion in a vertical circle
6.9 Applications of banking.

7. Gravitation (10hrs)

7.1 Newton’s law of gravitation
7.2 Gravitational field strength
7.3 Gravitational potential; Gravitational potential energy
7.4 Variation in value of ‘g’ due to altitude and depth
7.5 Centre of mass and centre of gravity
7.7 Escape velocity
7.6 Motion of a satellite: Orbital velocity and time period of the satellite
7.8 Potential and kinetic energy of the satellite
7.9 Geostationary satellite
7.10 GPS

8. Elasticity (5hrs)

8.1 Hooke’s law: Force constant
8.2 Stress; Strain; Elasticity and plasticity
8.3 Elastic modulus: Young modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus
8.4 Poison’s ratio
8.5 Elastic potential energy.

Heat and Thermodynamics

9. Heat and Temperature (3hrs)

9.1 Molecular concept of thermal energy, heat and temperature, and cause and direction of heat flow
9.2 Meaning of thermal equilibrium and Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
9.3 Thermal equilibrium as a working principle of mercury thermometer.

10. Thermal Expansion (4hrs)

10.1 Linear expansion and its measurement
10.2 Cubical expansion, superficial expansion and its relation with linear expansion
10.3 Liquid Expansion: Absolute and apparent
10.4 Dulong and Petit method of determining expansivity of liquid

11. Quantity of Heat (6hrs)

11.1 Newton’s law of cooling
11.2 Measurement of specific heat capacity of solids and liquids
11.3 Change of phases: Latent heat
11.4 Specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization
11.5 Measurement of specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization
11.6 Triple point

12. Rate of heat flow (5hrs)

12.1 Conduction: Thermal conductivity and measurement
12.2 Convection
12.3 Radiation: Ideal radiator
12.4 Black- body radiation
12.5 Stefan – Boltzmann law.

13. Ideal gas (8hrs)

13.1 Ideal gas equation
13.2 Molecular properties of matter
13.3 Kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas
13.4 Derivation of pressure exerted by gas,
13.5 Average translational kinetic energy of gas molecule
13.6 Boltzmann constant, root mean square speed
13.7 Heat capacities: gases and solids.

Optics

14. Reflection at curved mirror (2hrs)

14.1 Real and Virtual images.
14.2 Mirror formula

15. Refraction at plane surfaces (4hrs)

15.1 Laws of refraction: Refractive index
15.2 Relation between refractive indices
15.3 Lateral shift
15.4 Total internal reflection.

16. Refraction through prisms (3hrs)

16.1 Minimum deviation condition
16.2 Relation between Angle of prism, minimum deviation and refractive index
16.3 Deviation in small angle prism.

17. Lenses (3hrs)

17.1 Spherical lenses, angular magnification
17.2 Lens maker’s formula
17.3 Power of a lens

18. Dispersion (3hrs)

18.1 Pure spectrum and dispersive power
18.2 Chromatic and spherical aberration
18.3 Achromatism and its applications

Electricity & Magnetism

19. Electric Charges (3hrs)

19. 1 Electric charges
19.2 Charging by induction
10. 3 Coulomb’s law- Force between two-point charges
19.4 Force between multiple electric charges.

20. Electric field (3hrs)

20.1 Electric field due to point charges; Field lines
20.2 Gauss Law: Electric Flux
20.3 Application of Gauss law: Field of a charge sphere, line charge, charged plane conductor

21. Potential, potential difference & potential energy (4hrs)

21.1 Potential difference, Potential due to a point, Charge, potential energy, electron volt
21.2 Equipotential lines and surfaces
21.3 Potential gradient

22. Capacitor (7hrs)

22.1 Capacitance and capacitor
22.2 Parallel plate capacitor
22.3 Combination of capacitors
22.4 Energy of charged capacitor
22.5 Effect of a dielectric Polarization and displacement.

23. DC Circuits (10hrs)

23.1 Electric Currents; Drift velocity and its relation with current
23.2 Ohm’s law; Electrical Resistance; Resistivity; Conductivity
23.3 Current-voltage relations; Ohmic and Non-Ohmic resistance
23.4 Resistances in series and parallel,
23.5 Potential divider
23.6 Electromotive force of a source, internal resistance
23.7 Work and power in electrical circuits

Modern Physics

24. Nuclear physics (6hrs)

24.1 Nucleus: Discovery of nucleus
24.2 Nuclear density; Mass number; Atomic number
24.3 Atomic mass; Isotopes
24.4 Einstein’s mass-energy relation
24.5 Mass Defect, packing fraction, BE per nucleon
24.6 Creation and annihilation
24.7 Nuclear fission and fusion, energy released

25. Solids (3hrs)

25.1 Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas
25.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
25.2 Difference between metals, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory

26. Recent Trends in physics (6hrs)

26.1 Particle physics: Particles and antiparticles, Quarks (baryons and meson) and leptons (neutrinos)
26.2 Universe: Big Bang and Hubble law: expansion of the Universe, Dark matter, Black Hole and gravitational wave