Class 12 Chemistry

Secondary Education Curriculum
2076
Chemistry ( New Syllabus )

Working hrs: 128

1. Introduction

This curriculum is of grade 11 and 12 chemistry. This is designed to provide students with general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that govern the scientific phenomena in the world. It focuses to develop scientific knowledge, skills, and attitudes required at secondary level (grade 11 and 12) irrespective of what they do beyond this level, as envisioned by national goals. Understanding of scientific concepts and their application, in day to day context as well as the process of obtaining new knowledge through holistic approach of learning in the spirit of national qualification framework is emphasized in the curriculum.

This curriculum aims: to provide sufficient knowledge and skills to recognize the usefulness and limitations of laws and principles of chemistry, to develop science related attitudes such as concern for safety and efficiency, concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, spirit of enquiry, inventiveness, appreciation of ethno-science, and willingness to use technology for effective communication, to provide opportunity for the learners who have deeper interest in the subject to delve into the more advanced contents so that the study of chemistry becomes enjoyable and satisfying to all.

The curriculum prepared in accordance with National Curriculum Framework is structured for two academic years in such a way that it incorporates the level wise competencies, grade-wise learning outcomes, scope and sequence of contents, suggested practical/project-work activities, learning facilitation process and assessment strategies so as to enhance the learning of the subject systematically.

2. Level-wise competencies
The expected competencies of this course are to:

1. think critically and creatively, communicate effectively in written and oral form and reason quantitatively
2. apply appropriate principles, concepts, theories, laws, models and patterns to interpret the findings, draw conclusion, make generalization, and to predict from chemical facts, observation and experimental data.
3. correlate old principles, concepts, theories, laws, tools, techniques; to the modern, sustainable and cost-effective skills, tools and techniques in the development of scientific attitude.
4. apply the principles and methods of science to develop the scientific skill in an industrial process to produce various chemicals in small as well as in industrial scale that are useful in our daily life and in the service of mankind.
5. explain the social, economic, environmental and other implications of chemistry and appreciate the advancement of chemistry and its applications as essential for the growth of national economy.
6. describe chemistry as a coherent and developing framework of knowledge based on fundamental theories of the structure and process of the physical world.
7. develop skills in safe handling of chemicals, taking into account of their physical and chemical properties, risk, environmental hazards, etc.
8. conduct either a research work or an innovative work in an academic year, under the guidance of teacher, using the knowledge and skills learnt.

General and Physical Chemistry

1. Volumetric Analysis (8hrs)

1.1 Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight
1.2 Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency
1.3 Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents)
1.4 Concentration of solution and its units in terms of Percentage. g/L , molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb
1.5 Primary and secondary standard substances
1.6 Law of equivalence and normality equation
1.7 Titration and its types- Acid-base titration, redox titration (related numerical problems)

2. Ionic Equilibrium Introduction to Acids and Bases (10hrs)

2.1 Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases
2.2 Bronsted —Lowry definition of acids and bases
2.3 Relative strength of acids and bases
2.4 Conjugate acid —base pairs
2.5 Lewis definition of acids and bases
2.6 Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald’s dilution law)
2.7 Ionic product of water(Kw)
2.8 Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka & Kb)
2.9 Concept of pKa and Pkb
2.10 pH value. pH of strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases
2.11 Solubility and solubility product principle
2.12 Common Ion effect
2.13 Application of solubility product principle and common ion effect in precipitation reactions
2.14 Buffer solution and its application
2.15 Indicators and selection of indicators in acid base titration
2.16 Types of salts Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts. complex salts (introduction and examples)
2 17 Hydrolysis of salts
2.17.1 Salts of strong acid and strong base
2.17.2 Salts of weak acid and strong base
2.17.3 Salts of weak base and strong acid (solving related numerical problems)

3. Chemical Kinetics (7hrs)

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rate of reactions Average and instantaneous rate of reactions
3.3 Rate law and its expressions
3.4 Rate constant and its unit and significance
3.5 Order and molecularity
3.6 Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction
3.7 Half-life of zero and first order reactions
3.8 Collision theory. concept of activation energy and activated complex
3.9 Factors affecting rate of reactions• Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius Equation) and effect of catalyst (energy profile diagram)
Catalysis and types of catalysis homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis (solving related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and first order reactions)

4. Thermodynamics (8hrs)

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy in chemical reactions
4.3 Internal energy
4.4 First law of thermodynamics
4.5 Enthalpy and enthalpy changes Endothermic and exothermic processes)
4.6 Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion
4.7 Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess’s law)
4.8 Entropy and spontaneity
4.9 Second law of thermodynamics
4.10 Gibbs’ free energy and prediction of spontaneity
4.11 Relationship between AG and equilibrium constant (Solving related numerical problems)

5. Electrochemistry (7hrs)

5.1 Electrode potential and standard electrode potential
5.2 Types of electrodes. Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes
5.3 Electrochemical series and its applications
5.4 Voltaic cell Zn-Cu cell. Ag- Cu cell 555 Cell
5.5 potential and standard cell potential
5.6 Relationship between cell potential and free energy
5.7 Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen)

Inorganic Chemistry

6 Transition Metals (5hrs)

6 1 Introduction
6.1.1 Characteristics of transition metals
6.1.2 Oxidation states of transition metals
6.1.3 Complex ions and metal complexes
6.1.4 Shapes of complex ions
6.1.5 d-orbitals in complex ions (simple explanation by crystal field theory) for octahedral complex
6.1.6 Reasons for the colour of transition metal compounds
6.1.7 Catalytic properties of transition metals

7.Studies of Heavy Metals (15hrs)

7.1 Copper
7.1.1 Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrite
7.1.2 Properties (with air, acids, aqueous ammonia and metal ions) and uses of copper
7.1.3 Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of blue vitriol
7.1.4 Other compounds of copper (red oxide and black oxide of copper) formula and uses only
7.2 Zinc
7.2.1 Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende
7.2.2 Properties (with air, acid, alkali, displacement reaction) and uses of zinc
7.2.3 Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of white vitriol
7.3 Mercury
7.3.1 Occurrence and extraction of mercury from cinnabar
7.3.2 Properties of mercury
7.3.3 Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate
7.4 Iron
7.4.1 Occurrence and extraction of iron
7.4.2 Properties and uses of iron
7.4.3 Manufacture of steel by Basic Oxygen Method and Open Hearth Process
7.4.4 Corrosion of iron and its prevention
7 5 Silver
7.5.1 Occurrence and extraction of silver by cyanide process
7.5.2 Preparation and uses of silver chloride and silver nitrate

Organic Chemistry

8. Haloalkanes (8hrs)

8.1 Introduction
8 2 Nomenclature. isomerism and classification of monohaloalkanes
8.3 Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols
8.4 Physical properties of monohaloalkanes
8.5 Chemical properties, substitution reactions SW’ and SN2 reactions (basic concept only)
8.6 Formation of alcohol, nitrate, amine, ether. thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitro alkane using haloalkanes
8 7 Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation- Saytzeff’s rule), Reduction reactions. Wurtz reaction
8 8 Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone
8 9 Chemical properties of trichloromethane: oxidation, reduction, action on silver powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, and aqueous alkali

9. Haloarenes (3hrs)

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nomenclature and isomerism of haloarenes
9.3 Preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene diazonium chloride
9.4 Physical properties
9.5 Chemical properties
9.5.1 Low reactivity of haloarenes as compared to haloalkanes in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction
9.5.2 Reduction of chlorobenzene
9.5.3 Electrophilic substitution reactions
9.5.4 Action with Na (Fitting and Wurtz- Fitting reaction)
9.5.5 Action with chloral
9.6 Uses of haloarenes

10. Alcohols (7hrs)

10 1 introduction
10 2 Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohol
10 3 Distinction of primary. secondary and tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer’s Method
10.4 Preparation of monohydric alcohols from Haloalkane. primary a and esters
10 5 Industrial preparation alcohols from: oxo process, hydroboration-oxidation of ethene 8 fermentation of
10.6 Definition of common terms. Absolute alcohol, power alcohol, denatured alcohol (methylated spirit), sugar rectified spirit. alcoholic beverage
10.7 Physical properties monohydric alcohols
10.8 Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols
10 8.1 Reaction with HX. PX3. PCPs. SOCl2
10 8 2 Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li
10.8 3 Dehydration of alcohols
10.8.4 Oxidation of primary. secondary and tertiary alcohol with mild oxidizing agents like acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr207
10 8.5 Catalytic dehydrogenation of 1° and 2° alcohol and dehydration of 3° alcohol
10 8.6 Esterification reaction
10.8.7 Test of ethanol

11. Phenols (4hrs)

11.1 Introduction and nomenclature
11.2 Preparation of phenol from i. chlorobenzene ii. Diazonium salt and iii benzene sulphonic acid
11.3 Physical properties of phenol
11.4 Chemical properties
11.4.1 Acidic nature of phenol (comparison with alcohol and water)
11.4.2 Action with NH3. Zn. Na, benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride
11.4.3 Acylation reaction, Kolbe’s reaction. Reimer-Tiemann’s reaction
11.4.4 Electrophilic substitution. nitration, sulphonation, brominaiton and Friedal-Craft’s alkylation
11.5 Test of phenol: (FeCI3 test. aq. Bromine test & Libermann test)
11.6 Uses of phenol

12. Ethers (2hrs)

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nomenclature. classification and isomerism of ethers
12.3 Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson’s synthesis
12.4 Physical properties of ether
12.5 Chemical properties of ethoxyethane: action with HI , Conc. HCI, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2
12.6 Uses of ethers

13. Aldehydes and Ketones (10hrs)

13.1 Aliphatic aldehydes and ketones
13.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism
13.1.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from: Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol, Ozonolysis of alkenes, Acid chloride, Gem dihaloalkane, Catalytic hydration of alkynes
13.1.3 Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones
13.1.4 Chemical properties
13.1.4.1 Structure and nature of carbonyl group
13.1.4.2 Distinction between aldehyde and ketones by using 2,4- DNP reagent, Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s solution
13.1.4.3 Addition reaction. addition of H2, HCN and NaHS01
13.1.4.4 Action of aldehyde and ketone with ammonia derivatives, NH2OH, NH;-NH2, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide,
13.1.4.5 Aldol condensation
13.1.4.6 Cannizzaro’s reaction
13.1.4.7 Clemmensen’s reduction
13.1.4.8 Wolf-Kishner reduction
13.1.4.9 Action with PCI5 and action with LiA1114
13.1.4.10 Action of methanal with ammonia and phenol
13.1.5 Formalin and its uses
13.2 Aromatic aldehydes and Ketones
13.2.1 Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone from benzene
13.2.2 Properties of benzaldehyde
13.2.2.1 Perkin condensation
13.2.2.2 Benzoin condensation
13.2.2.3 Cannizzaro’s reaction
13.2.2.4 Electrophilic substitution reaction

14. Carboxylic Acid and its Derivatives (9hrs)

14.1 Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids
14.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism
141.2 Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes
14.1.3 Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl benzene
14.1.4 Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids
14.1.5 Chemical properties: Action with alkalies, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCI3, LiAIH, and dehydration of carboxylic acid
14.1.6 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
14.1.7 Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic acid – bromination, nitration and sulphonation)
14.1.8 Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid 1
4.1.9 Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid
14.2 Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid halides, amides, esters and anhydrides)
14.2.1 Preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acid
14.2.2 Comparative physical properties of acid derivatives
14.2.3 Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis. ammonolysis, amines (RNH2), alcoholysis, and reduction only)
14.2.4 Claisen condensation
14.2.5 Hofmann bromamide reaction
14.2.6 Amphoteric nature of amide
14 2.7 Relative reactivity of acid derivatives

15. Nitro Compounds (3hrs)

15.1 Nitroalkanes
15.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism
15.1.2 Preparation from haloalkane and alkane
15.1.3 Physical properties
15.1.4 Chemical properties: Reduction
15.2 Nitrobenzene
15.2.1 Preparation from benzene
15.2.2 Physical properties
15.2.3 Chemical properties
15.2.4 Reduction in different media
15.2.5 Electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation & bromination)
15.2.6 Uses of nitro-compounds

16. Amines (7hrs)

16.1 Aliphatic amines
16.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature, classification and isomerism
16.1.2 Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method
16.1.3 Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides
16.1.4 Physical properties
16.1.5 Chemical properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 1°, 2° and 3° amines
16.1.6 Reaction of primary amines with chloroform, conc. HCI, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2/ HCI)
16.1.7 Test of 1°, 2° and 3° amines (nitrous acid test)
16.2 Aromatic amine (Aniline)
16.2.1 Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene, phenol
16.2.2 Physical properties
16.2.3 Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines and ammonia, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction, electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination
16.2 .4 Uses of aniline

17. Organometallic Compounds (2hrs)

17.1 Introduction, general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper and organocadmium compounds
17.2 Nature of Metal-Carbon bond
17 3 Grignard reagent
17.3.1 Preparation (using haloalkane and haloarene)
17.2.2 Reaction of Grignard reagent with water, aldehydes and ketones ( preparation of primary secondary and tertiary alcohols), carbon dioxide, HCN, RCN, ester and acid chloride

Applied Chemistry

18• Chemistry in the service of mankind (4hrs)

18.1 Polymers
18.1.1 Addition and condensation polymers
18.1.2 Elastomers and fibres
18.1.3 Natural and synthetic polymers
18.1.4 Some synthetic polymers (polythene. PVC, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon and bakelite
18.2 Dyes
18.2.1 Introduction
18.2.2 Types of dyes on the basis of structure and method of application
18.3 Drugs
18.3.1 Characteristics of drugs
18.3.2 Natural and synthetic drugs
18.3.3 Classification of some common drugs
18.3.4 Habit forming drugs and drug addiction
18.4 Pesticides
18.4.1 Introduction to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides

19. Cement (4hrs)

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Raw materials for cement production
19.3 Main steps in cement production (crushing and grinding, strong heating and final grinding)
19.4 Types of cement- OPC and PPC
19.5 Portland cement process with flow-sheet diagram
19.6 Cement Industry in Nepal

20. Paper and Pulp (3hrs)

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Raw materials
20.3 Sources of raw materials
20.4 Stages in production of paper
20.5 Flow-sheet diagram for paper production
20.6 Quality of paper

21. Nuclear Chemistry and Applications of Radioactivity (2hrs)

21.1 Natural and artificial radioactivity
21.2 Units of radioactivity
21.3 Nuclear reactions
21.4 Nuclear fission and fusion reactions
21.5 Nuclear power and nuclear weapons
21.6 Industrial uses of radioactivity
21.7 Medical uses of radioactivity
21.8 Radiocarbon dating
21.9 Harmful effects of nuclear radiations