Class 12 Biology

Secondary Education Curriculum
2078
Biology II (New Syllabus )

Working hrs: 160

1. Introduction

This curriculum presumes that the students joining grade 11 and 12 science stream come with diverse aspirations, some may continue to higher level studies in specific areas of science, others may join technical and vocational areas or even other streams. The curriculum is designed to provide students with general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that govern the scientific phenomena in the world. It focuses to develop scientific knowledge, skill competences and attitudes required at secondary level (grade 11 and 12) irrespective of what they do beyond this level, as envisioned by national goals. Understanding of scientific concepts and their application, in day to day context as well as the process of obtaining new knowledge through holistic approach of learning in the spirit of national qualification framework is emphasized in the curriculum.

In particular, the curriculum aims to provide sufficient knowledge and understanding of science for all learners to recognize the usefulness, and limitations, of laws and principles of biology, and use them in daily lives providing a sound foundation for students who wish to study biology or related professional or vocational courses in higher education. It helps to strengthen science process skills that are relevant to the study and application of biological science in daily life. It also provides opportunity for the learners who have deeper interest in the subject to delve into the more advanced contents so that the study of biology becomes enjoyable and satisfying to all. Moreover, it helps the students to build up capacity to identify, gather, manipulate and process information in the context of scientific endeavours including field investigations in various formats on biological issues.

The curriculum prepared in accordance with National Curriculum Framework is structured for two academic years in such a way that it incorporates the level-wise competencies, grade-wise leaning outcomes, scope and sequence of contents, suggested practical/project activities, learning facilitation process and assessment strategies so as to enhance the learning on the subject systematically.

2. Level-wise competencies

In completion of this course, students are expected to demonstrate the following competencies:

1. relate natural and biological phenomena in the scientific manner of knowledge, understanding and investigating problems pertaining to the living world
2. use scientific instruments, apparatus and methods to collect, evaluate and communicate information accurately and precisely with biological reasoning
3. use their practical and problem-solving skills in different disciplines of biology, including those in medical, veterinary, food, agriculture, biotechnology, biosecurity, quarantine, conservation and eco-tourism and so on
4. carryout simple experiment, simple scientific research on issues related to biological phenomena
5. apply biological concepts as well as general science knowledge and skills for the wise use of the available natural resources to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, social values and ethics and overall development
6. develop new biotechnological concepts and use of technology in living world.

Part A : Botany

1 Plant Anatomy (8hrs)

1.1 Plant anatomy: Concept of tissues, types of pant tissues (meristems and permanent types of plant tissues), Anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf secondary growth of dicot stem.

2 Plant Physiology (20hrs)

2.1 Water relation: Introduction and significance of – diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis ascent of sap, transpiration and guttation.
2.2 Photosynthesis: Introduction and significance of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, mechanism of photosynthesis (photochemical phase and Calvin Benson cycle), C3 and c4 plants, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis.
2.3 Respiration: Introduction and significance of respiration, types of respiration, mechanism of respiration (glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport system) , factors affecting respiration.
2.4 Plant hormones: Introduction, physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins.
2.5 Plant growth and movement: Concept on seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization. senescence: plant movements (tropic and nastic).

3. Genetics (21hrs)

3.1 Genetic Materials: Introduction to genetics and genetic materials, composition, structure and function of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, introduction of genetic code.
3.2 Mendelian genetics: General terminology, Mendel’s experiment and laws of inheritance, gene interactions (incomplete dominance. co- dominance)
3.3 Linkage and crossing over: Concept and types of linkage (complete and incomplete), sex-linked inheritance (colour blindness in man and eye colour of Drosophila), concept and significances of crossing over.
3.4 Mutation and polyploidy: Concept, type (gene and chromosomal mutation), importance of mutation (positive and negative), polyploidy (origin and significance).

4. Embryology (8hrs)

Asexual and sexual reproductions in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male and female gametophytes, development of dicot and monocot embryos, concept of endosperm

5. Biotechnology (7hrs)

Introduction, tissue culture, plant breeding, disease resistance plants, green manure and bio- fertilizer, bio-pesticide, genetic engineering and GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and application. bio- engineering, food safety and food security.

Part B: Zoology

6. Animal Tissues (8hrs)

6.1 Animal Tissues. Introduction, Types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, ctive, muscular and nervous (structure, functions & location of different sub-types).

7 Developmental Biology (6hrs)

7.1 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis
7.2 Development of frog: Fertilization & its effects, cleavage, morulation, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis — formation of notochord, nerve cord & coelom.

8. Human Biology (28hrs)

8.1 Digestive system: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, physiology of digestion.
8.2 Respiratory System: Respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism – exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration.
8.3 Circulatory System: Double circulation (concept), heart (structure and working mechanism) ,origin and conduction of heart beat, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, arterial and venous systems (major arteries and veins), blood grouping, blood pressure.
8.4 Excretory System: Concept of modes of excretion (ammoniotelic , ureotelism, uricotelism) Excretory organs, mechanism of urine formation
8.5 Nervous system: Types of nervous system (central peripheral & autonomous) structure and function of brain, Origin and conduction of nerve impulse.
8.6 Sense organs: Structure and functions of e eye and ear
8.7 Endocrinology: Endocrine glands and hormones — structure & functions of hypothalamus ,pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads , – hypo- and hyper-activity related disorders.
8.8 Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.

9. Human Population and Health Disorders (6hrs)

9.1 Human Population: Growth problem and control strategies, Concept of demographic cycle.
9.2 Health disorders: Concept of cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders, Substance abuse: Drug, alcohol and smoking abuse.

10. Applied Biology (16hrs)

10.1 Application of Zoology: Tissue and organs transplantation, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), amniocentesis, concept of genetically modified organisms (transgenic animals). Poultry farming and fish farming.
10.2 Microbial diseases and application of microbiology: Risk and hazard group of microorganisms. Introduction, causative agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures of selected human diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis and HIV infection, cholera, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis. Basic concepts of immunology—vaccines. Application of microorganisms in dairy and beverage industries, microbial contamination of water, sewage and drinking water treatment, bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers.