Class 11 Biology

Secondary Education Curriculum
2076
Biology I

Working hrs: 160

1. Introduction

This curriculum presumes that the students joining grade 11 and 12 science stream come with diverse aspirations, some may continue to higher level studies in specific areas of science, others may join technical and vocational areas or even other streams. The curriculum is designed to provide students with general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that govern the scientific phenomena in the world. It focuses to develop scientific knowledge, skill competences and attitudes required at secondary level (grade 11 and 12) irrespective of what they do beyond this level, as envisioned by national goals. Understanding of scientific concepts and their application, in day to day context as well as the process of obtaining new knowledge through holistic approach of learning in the spirit of national qualification framework is emphasized in the curriculum.

In particular, the curriculum aims to provide sufficient knowledge and understanding of science for all learners to recognize the usefulness, and limitations, of laws and principles of biology, and use them in daily lives providing a sound foundation for students who wish to study biology or related professional or vocational courses in higher education. It helps to strengthen science process skills that are relevant to the study and application of biological science in daily life. It also provides opportunity for the learners who have deeper interest in the subject to delve into the more advanced contents so that the study of biology becomes enjoyable and satisfying to all. Moreover, it helps the students to build up capacity to identify, gather, manipulate and process information in the context of scientific endeavours including field investigations in various formats on biological issues.

The curriculum prepared in accordance with National Curriculum Framework is structured for two academic years in such a way that it incorporates the level-wise competencies, grade-wise leaning outcomes, scope and sequence of contents, suggested practical/project activities, learning facilitation process and assessment strategies so as to enhance the learning on the subject systematically.

2. Level-wise competencies

In completion of this course, students are expected to demonstrate the following competencies:

1. relate natural and biological phenomena in the scientific manner of knowledge, understanding and investigating problems pertaining to the living world
2. use scientific instruments, apparatus and methods to collect, evaluate and communicate information accurately and precisely with biological reasoning
3. use their practical and problem-solving skills in different disciplines of biology, including those in medical, veterinary, food, agriculture, biotechnology, biosecurity, quarantine, conservation and eco-tourism and so on
4. carryout simple experiment, simple scientific research on issues related to biological phenomena
5. apply biological concepts as well as general science knowledge and skills for the wise use of the available natural resources to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, social values and ethics and overall development
6. develop new biotechnological concepts and use of technology in living world.

SECTION ‘A’ BOTANY

UNIT 1: BIMOLECULES AND CELL BIOLOGY

1. Biomolecules

• Inorganic Life Components,
• Organic Biomolecules
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

2. Cell and Its Components

• Cell Theory
• Cellular Totipotency
• Prokaryotic Cell (Gk pro = primitive; karyon = nucleus)
• Eukaryotic Cell (Gk eu = good; karyon = nucleus)
• Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane orPlasma-lemma Protoplasm
• Protoplasm

3. Cell Division

• Cell Cycle
• Types of cell Division

UNIT 2: FLORAL DIVERSITY

4. Introduction

• The Three Domains of Life
• Concept of Taxonomy
• Contribution of Some Taxonomists or History of Taxonomy
• Nomenclature System
• Rules of Nomenclature
• System of Classification
• Floral Diversity of Nepal

5. Kingdom: Fungi or Mycota

• Mucor (Black Mold or Pin Mold or Bread Mold)
• Yeast
• Mushrooms

6. Lichens

• Habit and Habitat
• Morphology
• Reproduction
• Economic Importance

7. Algae

• Spirogyra
• Economic Importance of Algae

8 Bryophyta

• Marchantia

9. Pteridophyta

• Dryopteris (Fern)

10 Gymnosperm

• Pinus

11. Angiosperm Morphology

• Morphology of Roots
• The Stem
• Leaf
• Inflorescence
• Flower
• Fruits
• The Seed
• Taxonomic Hierarchy
• Systems of Biological Classification

12. Taxonomic Description of the Families

• Family: Cruciferae or Brassicaceae (Mustard Family)
• Family – Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
• Family: Solanaceae (Potato Family)
• Liliaceae (Lily Family)
• Effects of Various Human Activities on the Diversity of Plants

UNIT 3: INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY

13. Monera

• Bacteria
• Cyanobacteria

14. Virus

• Types of Viruses
• Structure of Virus
• Chemical Composition
• Virus and Diseases
• Relationship between Bacteria and Viruse
• The Impact of Microorganisms in the Environment

UNIT 4: ECOLOGY

15. Ecosystem Ecology

• Types of Ecology
• Ecological Factors
• Concept of Ecosystem
• Organization of Ecosystem
• Pond Ecosystem
• Forest Ecosystem
• Biogeochemical Cycle
• Biotic Community
• Ecological Succession

16. Ecological Adaptation

• Types of Adaptations

17.Ecological Imbalances

• Greenhouse Effect
• Depletion of Ozone Layer
• Acid Rain
• Biological Invasion

UNIT 5: VEGETATION

18. Vegetation of Nepal

• Forests
• Biodiversity Conservation Methods

SECTION ‘B’ ZOOLOGY

UNIT 6: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

19. Introduction to Biology

• Introduction to Biology

UNIT 7: EVOLUTINARY BIOLOGY

20. Evolutionary Biology

• Life and its Origin
• Evolution and Its Evidences
• Theories of Organic Evolution
• Human Evolution

UNIT 8: FAUNAL DIVERSITY

21. Protista

• Faunal Diversity of Nepal
• Paramecium
• Plasmodium (The Malarial Parasite)

22. Animalia

• Phylum-Porifera (Gr. Porus-pore, ferous-bearing)
• Phylum-Coelenterata (Gr. Koilos-hollow, enteron-intéstine)
• Phylum-Platyhelminthes (Gr. platys- flat, helmins-worms)
• Phylum-Aschelminthes (Gr. Askes- Cavity, helmins-worms)
• Phylum-Annelida (L. Annelus = little ring)
• Phylum Arthropoda (Gr. Arthros = Jointed, Podos = Foot)
• Phylum-Mollusca (L. Mollis=Soft)
• Phylum-Echinodermata (Gr. Echinos-Spine, derma-Skin)
• Phylum-Chordata

23. Earthworm

• External Morphology
• Digestive System
• Excretory System
• Nervous System
• Reproductive System
• Copulation
• Cocoon Formation
• Economic Importance

24. Frog

• Digestive System
• Circulatory System
• Respiratory System
• Reproductive System of Frog

UNIT 9: BIOTA AND ENVIRONMENT

25. Animal Adaptation

• Types of Adaptation

26. Animal Behaviour

• Reflex Action
• Taxis
• Leadership
• Dominance
• Migratory Behaviour of Animals

27. Environmental Pollution

• Types of Pollutions
• Pesticides

UNIT 10: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

28. Conservation Biology

• Concept of Biodiversity
• Conservation of Biodiversity
• Protected Areas in Nepal
• Wild Life
• Human Responsibility for the Protection of Earth